In current study, a model is developed for a one-story building with specific dimensions, integrating photovoltaic panels and Trombe walls to generate electricity and reduce energy consumption. The location chosen for the study is Kermanshah, using real climate data from the Meteonorm software to ensure accuracy. The proposed system is constructed using the TRNSYS dynamic simulation program, supplemented by a plugin for simulating the building's physical properties. The goal is to analyze the power output of the panels, their energy efficiency, airflow velocity through the channel, and the building's exergy change resulting from the addition of the Trombe wall. Additionally, a parametric analysis is scrutinized over the previous year to examine the efficacy of duct depth on various functional aspects of the system. The findings reveal that the solar panels reach their peak power generation during July and August, with a highest output of 207 kW. The exergy efficiency of the panels consistently exceeds their energy efficiency across different months, reaching up to 20% and 22%, respectively. Moreover, incorporating a Trombe wall leads to a 3% decrement in the building's cooling and heating load, with exergy efficiency peaking at a wall depth of 10 (cm). Increasing the channel depth is found to decrease the heating requirement while improving airflow through the channel.

Clean electrical energy and freshwater are two basic human needs that can be met by using solar energy properly. In this article, the goal is to produce electricity and freshwater simultaneously by installing a solar still coupled with a semi-transparent solar module. The coupled solar system was simulated in ANSYS Workbench 2022 software environment.To check the water yield, the system was simulated at different brackish water temperatures of 60 , 70 , and 80 and different wind speeds of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 m/s. Also, ten scenarios were defined and simulated according to radiation intensity and brackish water temperature. The results showed that the increase in brackish water temperature and the wind speed increased the amount of freshwater production, and the effect of brackish water temperature was greater compared to wind speed. By increasing the brackish water temperature from 60 to 70 and from 70 to 80 , the average water yield increment for the wind speed of 3 m/s is 64% and 120%, respectively. Also, by increasing the wind speed from 1 m/s to 5 m/s at 70 , the output power of the system increases by 10.53%. The simulation results in ten different scenarios showed that the coupled solar system was more efficient than the independent solar system in eight cases. According to the results of this research, it is suggested that the southern regions of the country with high radiation intensity and high wind speed should be considered for installing the coupled solar system.

This work develops a theoretical multi-physics framework for designing and optimizing a triple-functional solar module that combines passive radiative cooling, photocatalytic air purification, and photovoltaic power generation. The module integrates three key components: a spectrally selective infrared-emissive Meta surface, a TiO₂/ZnO photocatalytic coating described by Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetics, and a temperature-dependent single-diode PV model. These are coupled into a time-resolved simulation pipeline with adaptive meshing guided by Biot and Damköhler numbers, ensuring both accuracy and efficiency. Optimization is performed using the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II), varying emissivity, catalyst thickness, PV bandgap, and convective coefficients to identify the best trade-offs between electrical efficiency e, cooling energy (Ecool) and pollutant removal rate Rp. Under Chandragiri climatic conditions, the module achieved Tmax = 18.4 °C, Rp, max = 0.96 mol·m⁻²·h⁻¹, and e = 21.3%, outperforming existing systems. Seasonal analysis confirmed functional adaptability, while a weighted Figure of Merit (FOM) unified performance assessment. The results provide practical design guidance and establish a foundation for experimental validation and future lifecycle studies.

The aim of this paper is to compare the electric power output of the photovoltaic Module (PV) and photovoltaic-thermal water collector (PV/T). The electrical efficiency of photovoltaic Modules is greatly reduced by increasing their surface temperature. The hybrid photovoltaicthermal collector consists of a PV Module with a thermal collector attached behind it. The circulating fluid in the collector removes heat from the module and increases its electrical efficiency. In the first part of this paper, a theoretical analysis of a liquid PV/T collector is made based on thermal modeling using the first law of thermodynamics. An unglazed hybrid photovoltaic-thermal collector with serpentine tubes has been designed and manufactured to validate the theoretical results. Then the collector has been tested for three days and results have been compared with a sample photovoltaic module. The theoretical calculations were performed using Matlab software and its results showed good agreement with experimental results. Our finding shows a maximum increase of 6% in the electrical efficiency of PV/T in comparison to the PV module. At the same time, the water temperature has increased by 5° C.

Solar energy is the most abundant source of energy among renewable energies, which can be directly converted into electricity by solar modules. To tackle the low energy output of solar modules in places where there are not enough spaces to install many solar modules, the use of reflectors is recommended. The use of reflectors increases the solar radiation on the surface of the module, hence will boost its power output. In this study, two-dimensional simulations were performed using ANSYS Fluent 2021 R2 package software in which the effects of a flat plate, parabolic, and hybrid reflectors on the temperature and efficiency of the module were investigated. The numerical simulation of the current study was validated against an experimental case study. Although there were so many simplifications and assumptions for the validation, the maximum deviation between the present numerical result and the experimental was less than 3.86%, which certifies the results of this paper. Based on the output, the surface temperature of the solar module with ˚85 flat plate reflector and ˚85 parabolic reflector reached 360.82 (K) and 371.11 (K), respectively, while the temperature with ˚50 reflector for both parabolic and flat plate modes reached 345.94 (K) and 346 (K), which are approximately equal. It was also observed that with increasing the angle of flat and parabolic reflectors, the module temperature increased, and parabolic reflectors had higher temperatures at higher angles. The module temperature using a type 6 reflector increased by 7.14% and 0.92% compared to the ˚80 flat plate reflector and ˚80 parabolic reflector, respectively. In terms of efficiency, since reflectors will intensify the solar radiation on a solar module surface, it will enhance the operating temperature of the module so that in all cases with reflectors, the efficiency will drop from an initial maximum value to a certain minimum value. This drop is more significant in the parabolic reflectors compared to the flat plate reflectors.

In this paper we defined the concept of module amenability of Banach algebras and module connes amenability of module dual Banach algebras. Also we assert the concept of module Arens regularity that is different with [1] and investigate the relation between module amenability of Banach algebras and connes module amenability of module second dual Banach algebras. In the following we study the relation between module amenability, weak module amenability and module approximate amenability of Banach algebra. The notation of amenability of Banach algebras was introduced by B. Johnson in [7]. A Banach algebra A is amenable if every bounded derivation from A into any dual Banach A-bimodule is inner, equivalently if H(A; X) = 0 for any Banach A-bimodule X, where H(A; X) is the first Hochschild co-homology group of A with coefficient in X. Also, a Banach algebra A is weakly amenable if H(A; A) = 0. Bade, Curtis and Dales introduced the notion of weak amenability on Banach algebras in [4]. They considered this concept only for commutative Banach algebras. After that Johnson defined the weak amenability for arbitrary Banach algebras.

Let A be a Banach algebra and E be a Banach A -bimodule then S=A ÅE, the l1-direct sum of A and E becomes a module extension Banach algebra when equipped with the algebras product (a, x): (a', x')=(aa', a.x'+x.a'). In this paper, we investigate D-amenability for these Banach algebras and we show that for discrete inverse semigroup S with the set of idempotents ES, the module extension Banach algebra S=l1 (ES) Å l1 (S) is D-amenable as a l1 (ES) -module if and only if l1 (ES) is amenable as Banach algebra.

In this paper we define a congruence ~ on inverse semigroup S such that amenability of S is equivalent to amenability of S/ ~. We study module amenability of semigroup algebra i1(S/ ~) when S is an inverse semigroup with idempotents E and prove that it is equivalent to module amenability of i1 (S). The main difference of this action with the more studied trivial action is that in this case the corresponding homomorphic image is a Clifford semigroup rather than a discrete group.